Unveiling Supernatural Imagery in Psalm 22

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Examining Psalm 22
   1. Crucifixion Imagery
   2. Bulls of Bashan
   3. Baal Cult in Bashan
3. Literary Context of Bashan
   1. Geographical Depiction in Psalm 68
   2. Association with the Underworld
4. Scholars' Perspectives on Bashan
   1. Charlesworth's Discovery
   2. Parallelism with the Sea
   3. Potential Meaning of "Dragon-Snake"
5. Conclusion

Examining the Supernatural Imagery in Psalm 22

Psalm 22 is a famous biblical passage that contains vivid crucifixion imagery. Christians have long recognized the connection between this psalm and the crucifixion of Jesus. However, there is one particular aspect of Psalm 22 that is often overlooked - the reference to the "bulls of Bashan". In this article, we will delve into the deeper meaning behind this reference and explore the supernatural associations of Bashan in ancient Canaanite thinking.

Crucifixion Imagery in Psalm 22

Psalm 22 describes the suffering of the speaker, who compares himself to a helpless victim surrounded by strong bulls. The vivid language paints a picture of agony and despair, mirroring the physical and emotional torment experienced during crucifixion. This imagery has been widely acknowledged by scholars and serves as evidence of prophetic anticipation of Christ's crucifixion.

The Bulls of Bashan

The mention of the "bulls of Bashan" in Psalm 22 has puzzled many interpreters. Some argue that it is merely a metaphorical reference, portraying the enemies of the speaker as menacing and powerful. However, a closer examination reveals a deeper connection to the supernatural. In Ugaritic mythology and Canaanite iconography, the bull was associated with the god Baal. The region of Bashan held significance in the worship of Baal, particularly in relation to the golden calves constructed by Jeroboam. This suggests that the "bulls of Bashan" may symbolize not only human adversaries but also supernatural beings aligned with the powers of darkness.

Baal Cult in Bashan

Further evidence of the supernatural associations of Bashan can be found in its historical and religious context. The Baal cult, prevalent in the Old Testament, was especially prominent in the region of Bashan. The worship of Baal and the existence of golden calves in this area indicate a deeper spiritual significance attached to Bashan. The link between the bulls and the cultic practices of the region strengthens the argument for a supernatural interpretation of the "bulls of Bashan" in Psalm 22.

The Literary Context of Bashan

To fully understand the significance of Bashan in Psalm 22, we must consider its broader literary context. In Psalm 68, Bashan is depicted as the rival to Mount Sinai, representing the divine abode. The region of Bashan, according to Ugaritic texts, was believed to be the celestial and infernal dwelling place of the deified dead kings, known as the Rephaim. This connection to the underworld further supports the notion that the "bulls of Bashan" in Psalm 22 refer to supernatural entities associated with the powers of darkness.

Scholars' Perspectives on Bashan

While the supernatural associations of Bashan may not be immediately apparent to all scholars, there are those who have recognized its significance. One notable example is Charlesworth, an Old Testament scholar who has extensively studied serpent iconography and symbology in antiquity. He acknowledges the link between Bashan and serpent symbolism and proposes the possibility of "dragon-snake" as an alternative translation for Bashan. This opens up new avenues for understanding the deeper meaning behind the reference to the "bulls of Bashan" in Psalm 22.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the reference to the "bulls of Bashan" in Psalm 22 carries deeper supernatural connotations. It is not merely a metaphorical depiction of human adversaries but signifies the presence of supernatural beings aligned with the powers of darkness. The association of Bashan with the Baal cult and its connection to the underworld further substantiate this interpretation. By exploring the literary, historical, and religious context of Bashan, we gain a deeper understanding of the supernatural imagery found in Psalm 22.

**Highlights:

1. The connection between Psalm 22 and the crucifixion of Jesus.
2. The significance of the "bulls of Bashan" in biblical interpretation.
3. The association between Bashan and the worship of Baal.
4. The supernatural symbolism of Bashan in ancient Canaanite thinking.
5. Scholarly perspectives on the deeper meaning behind the reference to Bashan.**

FAQ:

Q: Are the "bulls of Bashan" mentioned in other parts of the Bible? A: While Psalm 22 is the most well-known passage referencing the "bulls of Bashan," there are other biblical references that allude to the significance of Bashan in ancient religious beliefs. One such reference can be found in Amos 4:1, where the prophet uses the term to metaphorically describe powerful and prideful women.

Q: How do the supernatural associations of Bashan impact the interpretation of Psalm 22? A: The recognition of Bashan as a region associated with supernatural entities provides a richer understanding of the psalm's imagery. The mention of the "bulls of Bashan" takes on a dual meaning, referring not only to human adversaries but also to supernatural beings aligned with the powers of darkness.

Q: What is the significance of the Baal cult in understanding the symbolism of Bashan? A: The worship of Baal in the region of Bashan adds another layer of supernatural significance to the "bulls of Bashan" mentioned in Psalm 22. The presence of golden calves, associated with the Baal cult, suggests a deeper spiritual connection and reinforces the interpretation of supernatural beings in the psalm.

*Resources:

• Unseen Realm by Michael S. Heiser
• Israelite Religions by Rick Hess